Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs when pregnancy hormones cause sufficient insulin resistance that blood glucose rises above normal thresholds, despite increased pancreatic insulin production. It is diagnosed by glucose tolerance testing, typically between 24–28 weeks of gestation.

GDM affects 6–9% of pregnancies. Treatment depends on severity: medical nutrition therapy and exercise are first-line; insulin therapy is added when glucose targets are not met. Oral medications (metformin, glyburide) are used in some cases, though insulin remains the most studied and controlled option.

For supply coverage purposes: pregnant women with GDM typically are covered under private insurance or Medicaid (Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System — AHCCCS) rather than Medicare. DME coverage during pregnancy for CGM and pumps is possible but requires documentation and may face more restrictive criteria than for established diabetes.